Free electronic circuit design and schematic diagram
Turning long term integrator into bipolar input introduce a concept similar to “negative frequency”, where the counter would react to decrement its counter when a negative frequency is supplied. Off course there’s no such concept in reality, but we can achieve the same function by rectifying the input before converted to frequency, and detecting the polarity to control the up-down […]
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Measuring charge amount in electroplating, or measuring actual battery capacity can be done with integrator. Special requirement for this integrator is that it should has no leakage for long term operation, ranging for hours to several days. Using a voltage-to-frequency converter and a counter can solve this problem, here is the block diagram of the system: The counting values is […]
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Integration is one of basic signal processing that can be done in analog domain. Using operational amplifier (op-amp), integration operation can be done with very simple circuit with very high accuracy. Here is the schematic diagram of an integrator circuit: The resistor R2 should have the same value with R1 since R2 is employed to minimize the offset error due […]
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