Multilevel Continuity Tester

This continuity tester not only show if a connection is continue or not, but also determine the range  of  its conductivity level. Here is the schematic diagram of the circuit: Finding wiring trouble is easier if we know the quality of the connection, and this continuity tester give rough estimation. Small transistors will be sufficient for this circuits since the […]

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Automatic AF-RF Probe

Using this automatic probe, you can see measure both audio signal  (AF) and radio signal (RF). If audio signal is being measured, the path of the signal is via C1. Audio signal can’t pass the C2 since the capacitance is very small and having very high impedance for audio frequency signal. If you measure high frequency (radio frequency, RF), now […]

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Differentiator Operator with Op-Amp

Another application of OP-AMP is differentiator. Differentiator circuit produce an output if the input is changing. The output can positive or negative, depends on the change of the input: whether it’s decreasing or increasing.  This circuit is a bias stable. The current is produced by the rate of change of input voltage because the inverting input is grounded. Here is […]

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Summing Amplifier with Op-Amp

One of inverting amplifier application is for summing several electric signals. The output of this circuit produce the sums of the input voltages.  We can use both positive or negative voltage for the inputs. The input resistors doesn’t have to be  same values. The input can be expanded to several digits. Since the point X is a virtual ground, the […]

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Differential Amplifier with Op-Amp

The schematic diagram below shows a differential amplifier circuit. This circuit is used to get a common-mode rejection ratios. This circuit need a precise resistor matching to get common-mode rejection ratios because the current source uses matched resistor ratios. Here is the circuit: The gain of this circuit is determined by following equation: gain=R2/R1 The Vout is determined by following […]

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