RPM/Speed Indication

One example of frequency-to-voltage converter application is RPM/Speed indication, converting pulse signal from speed sensor into a linear voltage to drive analog meter. Here is the  block diagram of such speed indication system: Since they measure the number of events per time period, flow rates and revolutions per second are nothing more than frequency signals. This flow and revolution will […]

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TC9400 Analog Division (Ratiometric Measurement)

A circuit which will divide one analog signal by another is one of the most difficult circuits to build.  TC9400 voltage-to-frequency converter make it easy to build such circuit.  Here is the block diagram of the system: Two voltage-to-frequency (V/F) converters can do such division with ease. While the denominator forms the time base, the numerator is counted directly as […]

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555 IC PWM Motor Control with Current Limiter

To provide rapid motor speed changes and motor direction reversal, four outputs drive a MOSFET H-bridge. N-channel devices are the lower rail power MOSFETs and P-channels are the upper MOSFETs. All of them are driven by the TC4469. A small series resistor helps prevent gate oscillation and slows transition time in the lower rail devices, helping the upper device to […]

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Relays: How to Wire – Video Tutorial

The video below explained us about how to wire a relay. We already know that there are two components inside a relay, switch and an electromagnet. Here’s how to wiring a relay. First, put the negative or ground to one into the magnet. Second, put on other wire to power switch inside the car to the positive of the magnet. […]

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Relays: How They Work – Video Tutorial

The video below tell us about how does a relay work. How does a relay work is like this: there are two components on a relay, switch and an electromagnet. When the electromagnet is powered (by turn on the switch inside the cockpit) then the magnet comes alive. When the magnet comes alive, the magnet will pull the switch closed. […]

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How Discrete Voltage Regulator with Current Limiter Works

This discrete voltage regulator has complete features that is equivalent with modern voltage regulator integrated circuit (IC). It’s not cheaper if you build discrete one like this, but it’s always interesting to study the schematic diagram to learn how it works. Here is the schematic diagram of the circuit. Volatge Regulation Look at the 6,8k resistor, it should be dotted […]

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